The air is taken from atmosphere and compressed into a compressor. The casing shape and construction details depend on whether it is a high pressurehp or low pressure lp casings. Types of steam turbines chemical engineering world. Through optimal application of technology and proven expertise, stork turbo blading is unmatched in its ability to produce the blades in. Type of compounding refers to the use of blading which causes a series of pressure drops, a series of velocity drops, or a combination of the two. The internal losses in steam turbines may be enumerated as follows. As the lowpressure steam comes in contact with the cooling water, it condenses and turns into water. The basic idea of an impulse turbine is that a jet of steam from a fixed nozzle pushes against the rotor blades and impels them forward. Reciprocating doubleacting after the development of pressurized steam technology, the next major advance was the use of doubleacting pistons, with pressurized steam admitted alternately.
In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the turbine. There are two general types of steam turbine designs one type is called an impulse turbine. Types of steam turbines turbines info wind turbine. Today we will learn about types, advantages and disadvantages, application and working of gas turbine. The turbines are of basically four types and these are water turbine, steam turbine, gas turbine and wind turbine. Steam engines types high pressure steam engines are of various types but most are either reciprocating piston or turbine devices. External losses which occur outside the turbine casing. Some set of nozzles are grouped together may be two, three or more groups and each group of the nozzle is supplied steam controlled by valves. Maintenance and overhaul of steam turbines wgp42 05.
The conversion is generally accomplished by passing the fluid through a system of stationary passages or vanes that alternate with passages consisting of finlike blades attached to a rotor. What is steam turbine description and characteristics. Our steam turbines equip 41% of the worlds combinedcycle plants, 30% of fossil power plants, and 50% of the worlds nuclear power plants. Classification of turbines steam supply and exhaust conditions. Gas turbine is mainly used air as the working fluid. Steam turbines may be classified into different categories depending on their construction, working pressures, size and many other parameters. Pdf varma designed ultra modern and high efficiency turbines which can use gas, steam or fuels. The first on is known as hydraulic turbine, second one is gas turbine and the last one is steam turbine. The steam turbine generators used today produce approximately 85%. Hydraulic turbine is an hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy of water into mechanical energy. The myr design combines the reliability and parts interchangeability of our popular yr turbine with the power and efficiency of multistage turbines. It is mainly used in power plant industries to generate electric power.
Prior to supplying steam to the turbine, the steam supply pipelines have to be drained and heated up. Rotor is the heart of the steam turbine and it affects the efficiency of the steam. A steam turbine consists of a rotor resting on bearings and enclosed in a cylindrical casing. A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to.
Variable from little to massive, the turbines are created in a very big range of power capacities. To study the working of various types of steam turbines. The sequence of these activities is shown in figure 2. Historically, the first steam turbine of which we have proof was built by heron of alexandria around 175 bc, which consisted of a metal sphere with two nozzles at their poles and oriented in the same direction where the steam escaped.
Losses in steam turbines can be mainly classified into two types. The generator rotor is magnetized, and its rotation generates the electrical power in the generator stator. Ge power has supplied 30% of the worlds steam turbine capacity. Steam turbine types steam turbine types based on blade geometry and energy conversion process are. The best definition for a turbine one might provide is that the conversion of steams heat to mechanical work, that is finished on a rotating output shaft.
The best definition for a turbine one might provide is that the conversion of steam s heat to mechanical work, that is finished on a rotating output shaft. In order to match steam production to heat demand, there are three types of steam turbine in common use for chp plants. In the reaction turbine, the pressure drop occurs continuously through the turbine. Based on operating principle the steam turbine is classified as two types. Lubrication of the steam turbine is required to minimize the rotating friction in the bearings as well as to cool the bearing surfaces. Radiant type, convection type, combined type, steam temperature control, heat balance of steam. We will also discuss here what is turbine, main parts of turbine and working principle of a turbine.
Steam turbines startups 1 principles of steam turbines startups. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Since then turbines based on these principles have evolved in parallel and in fact merged to some degree. The rotor is turned by steam impinging against attached vanes or blades on which it exerts a force in the tangential direction. Approach to high efficiency diesel and gas engines pdf. The myr produces more power without additional steam, and can be installed in many areas where singlestage steam turbines currently are operating. Steam turbines may be classified into different categories depending on their construction, working pressures, size and. Different types of governing system in steam turbine. They also have steam inlets usually a set of nozzles and outlets. In general, a steam turbine is a rotary heat engine that converts thermal energy contained in the steam to mechanical energy or to electrical energy. In this type of turbine the superheated steam is projected at high velocity from fixed nozzles in the casing. Kaplan turbines require high discharge rate along with low or medium head270m.
Turbine, any of various devices that convert the energy in a stream of fluid into mechanical energy. Impulse turbine and reaction turbineprinciple, working. The operation of steam turbines suffers from various losses. This vacuum condition is different from a back pressure type. The pelton turbine consists of a wheel with a series of split buckets set around its rim. What is a turbine a turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work. In this type of steam turbine the rotor spins due to. Purpose this manual can be used for preliminary selection, steam and cooling water planning for steam turbines in basic and detail engineering stages. Types of steam turbine an overview sciencedirect topics. Unlike with reciprocating engines, for instance, compression, heating and expansion are. The two types of steam turbines most widely used are the backpressure and the extractioncondensing types fig. The steam expands in the moving blades of the reaction turbine with consequent pressure drop and velocity increase in these moving blades.
In case of turbines with cooling water preheating and lowpressure lp bypass, prior to supplying steam the regeneration and dumping systems have to be. In this article we will learn about different types of turbine. Pdf simulation of speed steam turbine control system. Our steam turbines serve a vast range of industries ranging from food and sugar to biomass and textiles and beyond. Definition a steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft. The steam turbine is designed with three distinct operating regimes. The condensing type, which is typical of larger turbines, is subject to attracting force due to vacuum pressure on the exhaust side table 2. The gear enables the turbine to operate at a higher, more efficient speed, while the generator operates at its required speed of 1500 rpm 50 hertz or 1800 rpm 60 hertz. This manual does not for designing steam turbine and the related parts. There are many considerations to be taken when choosing a controller. The most commonly seen types of steam generators include firetube, flextube, electrical, condensing, commercial and heat recovery steam units.
In principle, the impulse steam turbine consists of a casing containing stationary steam nozzles and a rotor with moving or rotating buckets. Different types of turbines have their own ideal operating conditions. Turbine classification in order to better understand turbine operation, five basic classifications are discussed. Steam turbines, whether small scale or heavyduty, are crucial for efficient power plants.
In its simplest form, a steam turbine consist of a boiler steam generator, turbine, condenser, feed pump and a variety of auxiliary devices. With over eighty years of experience we support and assist our customers with advanced engineering, production and quality expertise. It is another interesting method by which turbines speed can be controlled. Types of steam turbines back pressure steam turbine. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Internal losses which occur within the flow of steam and. Nozzle control governing of steam turbine is basically used for part load condition. Division of steam flow indicates whether the steam flows in just one direction or if it flows in more than one direction.
The steam condenser receives exhaust steam from one end and gets in contact with the cooling water flowed within it form the cooling tower. Steam turbines are widely used for combined heat and power chp applications in the united states. The necessity to keep down the production costs lead to standardization of the types of steam turbines, such as back pressure. Pdf power plant lecture notes chapter4 steam turbine. Thus a steam turbine could be viewed as a complex series of windmilllike arrangements, all assembled on the same shaft. Steam turbine two types of steam turbines were considered with an fem analysis, those being back pressure type and condensing type. The modern steam turbine can be divided into two types, impulse and reaction turbines. Two types of modern steam turbines and their mechanical.
Varma turbine engines can be used in all types of vehicles. Process of complete expansion of steam takes place in stationary nozzle and the velocity energy is. Steam turbine working principle and types of steam turbine. Over the last 100 years, ge has manufactured and installed a worldwide fleet of steam turbines.
In this type of steam turbine the rotor spins due to the force, or the direct push of steam on the blades. A wide variety of steam generators also simply called boilers are in use today, and most of the larger ones are used to generate electricity. Basic conceptual design of varma turbines there are four types of varma turbines 1. In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the. Steam turbines may be classified into different categories depending on their. There are different gas turbines which used in different conditions. Steam turbine basic parts mechanical engineering site. Kaplan turbine is an axial reaction flow turbine and has adjustable blades if water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as the axial flow turbine and if the head of the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy during the flow of water through a runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the. A rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power plant. Steam turbine control systems are being designed with todays technology to operate a turbine in a safe and reliable manner.
Both of these steam turbine types have their own operating schemes and benefits which are described here in detail. All steam turbines can be classified into two categories. Our steam turbine portfolio spans across all fuels, from gas and coal to nuclear applications. These three are called a back pressure steam turbine, an extraction steam turbine and a condensing steam turbine. Extraction condensing steam turbine 7 steam turbine and blades types of steam turbine.
932 1103 464 1493 199 216 1354 1473 112 984 556 503 684 892 395 1488 484 1280 32 234 569 1376 1033 175 1358 681 451 47 889 722 263 1182